Active voice में subject (कर्ता) एवं verb ( क्रिया) का सीधा सम्बन्ध होता है, जबकि Passive voice में केन्द्र बिन्दु subject नहीं object होता है, अर्थात् ऐसे वाक्य जिनमें subject कार्य करता है, वे Active Voice’ कहलाते हैं तथा ऐसे वाक्य जिनमें object ही subject की तरह कार्य करता है, वे Passive voice कहलाते हैं। Helping Verb
E.g. Active: He is cleaning the house. वह घर साफ कर रहा है।
Passive: The house is being cleaned by him. उसके द्वारा घर की सफाई की जा रही है।
Active = Subject +v+object
Passive = Object + H.V +v3+by subject
Active voice तथा Passive voice में अंतर्
1. से बदलना पड़ता है तथा object को subject से बदलना पड़ता है।
E.g Active =She sing a song .
Passive = Asong is sung by her .
• इस वाक्य में Object जो A song’ है, उसे Subject की जगह पर लाया गया है तथा she’ जिसे Subject से Object में बदलकर ‘her’ बना दिया गया है.
Passive voice में Sentence को बदलते समय हमेशा Main verb की III form का use किया जाता है।
E.g. He stole my suitcase. (Active)
My suitcase was stolen by him. (Passive)
उपरोक्त वाक्य में verb ‘steal’ की IIIt form ‘stolen’ का प्रयोग किया गया है।
3. “Passive voice’ का प्रयोग ‘क्रिया’ की महत्वपूर्णता को दर्शाता है अर्थात् यहाँ पर subject महत्वपूर्ण नहीं होता, Verb तथा object महत्वपूर्ण होते हैं।
E.g. This beautiful restaurant was renovated in 2009.
ऊपर दिया गया वाक्य passive form में है, जहाँ पर subject की आवश्यकता नहीं है। यहाँ क्रिया ज्यादा महत्वपूर्ण है।
4.जब Active voice को Passive voice में बदला जाता ह तो pronoun भी निम्न प्रकार से बदल जाते ह।
I – Me
We – Us
You – You
They – them
He – HIM
She – Her
It – It
Note :- Voice बदलते समय कभी Tense Change नहीं होता ह।
Active voice से Passive voice बनाने में निम्न नियमों का अध्ययन करना आवश्यक है
Rule 1. PRESENT TENSE
- Indefinite Tense :-
Active = Subject +v1+s/es+object (He eats an apple.)
Passive= Object+is/am/are+v3+by+Subject(An apple is eaten by him.)
- Continuous tense :-
Active = Subject+is/am/are+v1+ing object(He is watering the plants.)
Passive=Object+is/am/are+being+v3+by+Subject(The plants are being watered by him.)
- Perfect tense :-
Active = Subject+has/have+v3+Object(The doctor has examined the patient.)
Passive=Object+has/have+been+v3+by+s
ub.(The patient has been examined by the doctor)
Note: यदि किसी Active Voice में 7, + ing form है, तो उसको Passive Voice में being + v, में बदल दिया जाता है।
E.g :-
Active voice
1.They expect good news.
2. The gardener is watering the plants.
3.We have painted the door .
4.The teacher corrects our notebook.
Passive voice
1. Good news is expected by them .
2.The plants are being watered by the gardener.
3.The door has been painted by us.
4.Our notebook is corrected by the teacher.
Explanations:
1. वाक्य (1) में expect यहाँ main verb कि v1 form है, जिसे passive voice में v1से v3 में बदला गया है।
2. वाक्य (2) में is watering को are being watered इसलिए किया गया है, क्योंकि is/am/are + v1 + ing को हमेशा is/am/are + being + v3 में बदलते हैं। ‘Helping verb sentence के subject के अनुसार बदलता है।
3. वाक्य (3) में present perfect का प्रयोग हुआ है, जिसमें has/have को has/have + been में बदला गया है।
4. वाक्य (5) में go का passive voice नहीं बन सकता है।
Rule 2. PAST TENSE
- Indefinite tense:-
Active =Subject+v2+Object
Passive =Object+was/were+v3+by+subject
- Continuous tense:-
Active =Subject+was/were+v1+ing+object
Passive=Object+was/were+being+v3+by+subject
- Perfect tense:-
Active=Subject+had+v3+object
Passive=Object+had+been+v3+by+subject
Explanations:
1. वाक्य (1) में caught, जो main verb की v2 form है, को was में बदल दिया गया है। वाक्य से ये स्पष्ट है कि चोर को arrest करने का काम पुलिस का ही है, इसलिए passive voice में by the police लगाना जरूरी नहीं है।
2.वाक्य (2) v₂ form तथा did not दोनों passive voice में was/were + v3 में ही बदलते ह।
3. वाक्य (3) was + v₁ + ing को was + being + v3 में बदला गया है।
Rule 3. FUTURE TENSE
- Indefinite tense
Active=Subject+will/shall+v1+object
Passive=Object+will/shall+be+v3+by+subject
- Continuous tense
Active=Subject+will/shall+be+v1+ing+object
Passive=Future continuous का कभी भी passive नहीं बनता ह।
- Perfect tense
Active=Subject+will/shall+have+v3+object
Passive=Object+will/shall+have+been+v3+by+subject
E.g.
Active Passive
1. He will play cricket. Cricket will be played by him.
2. Mohan will have won the match. The match will have been won by Mohan.
3. The teacher will teach us. We shall be taught by the teacher.
4. My mother will have cleaned the The house will have been cleaned by my mother
house.
Explanations:
1. वाक्य (1) में will के स्थान पर will be का प्रयोग करके वाक्य को Passive बनाया गया है।
2. वाक्य (2) में have + 3 के स्थान पर have + been + v का प्रयोग किया गया है।
Key point :-
will/shall/may/might/can/could – be
is /am/are/was/were – being+v3
has/have/had/will have – been
Rule 4. MODAL AUXILIARIES:PASSIVE VOICE
Modal indefinite tense :-
Active :- subject+modal+v1+object
Passive:-object+modal+be+v3+by+subject
Modal perfect tense:-
Active:- subject+modal+have+v3+object
Passive :-object+modal+have+been+v3+by+subject
E.g.
Active Passive
1. He can do this work. This work can be done by him.
2.You must send the reply. The reply must be sent by you.
3.She might read the Quran. The Quran might be read by her.
4.You must have attended this important meeting. (Active)
This important meeting must have been attended by you. (Passive)
Explanations:
1.वाक्य (1) में modal + v, को modal + be + v में change करके वाक्य को Passive बनाया गया है।
2. वाक्य(4)में modal + have + v3 को modal + have + been + v3 में change करके वाक्य को passive बनाया गया है।
Note: Modal continuous Passive rar at Benall Modal perfect में हमेशा have का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Rule-5:PASSIVE OF WH-FAMILY QUESTION
यदि किसी वाक्य में ‘Wh’ जैसे where, what, when, who, how आदि शब्द हों, तो उनका Passie इस प्रकार बनता है:
Active Wh + Helping Verb + Subject +V+Object ?
Passive: Wh + Helping Verb + Object + v, + by + Subject?
NOTE: Do/ does / did के वाक्य में be/being/been का प्रयोग Passive में नहीं होगा।
E.g.
Active passive
1. When do you send the documents? When are the documents sent by you
2.Where did she find this book? Where was this book found by her?
3.Who wrote this letter? By whom was this letter written?
4. Who knows you? To whom are you known?
Explanations:
1.वाक्य (1)मे do passive is/am/are + v1 में बदला गया है।
2. वाक्य (2) मे did को passive में was / were + v में बदला गया है।
3. Passive voice who’ by whom’, ferm (3) who by whom में बदला गया है। वाक्य (4) में Known के साथ by whom की जगह to whom का प्रयोग किया गया है, क्योंकि known के साथ हमेशा ‘to’ का प्रयोग होता है।
Rule 6: INFINITIVE (TO + V₂)
यदि वाक्य में is/am/are/was/were/has/have/had के साथ To+v1 का प्रयोग हो तो उसे Passive of infinitive के अंतर्गत हल किया जाता है।
Active (is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had) + To + v1
Passive = (is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had) + to + be + v3
E.g.
Active Passive
- I am to write a book. A book is to be written by me.
- He was to teach me. I was to be taught by him.
- I have to purchase a pen. A pen has to be purchased by me.
Explanations:
1. वाक्य (1) में A book को subject बनाकर am to को passive में is to +be + v3 में बदल गया ह।
2.वाक्य (3) में have+to+v1 को passive voice में has + to+v3 में बदल गया ह।
Rule-7: PASSIVE BASED ON ADJECTIVE
Active: Subject + v₁/v, + object
Passive: Subject +H.V. + adjective + when + it/they + H. V. + v3
E.g.
The food tasted delicious.
The food was delicious, when it was tasted.
Note: इस वाक्य में H. V. का Main verb के आधार पर प्रयोग किया गया है। यहाँ Main verb V2 थी . इसलिए was का प्रयोग किया गया तथा Subject के अनुसार Pronoun It’ का प्रयोग हुआ है।
Rule-8: IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
जिन वाक्यों में Request (अनुरोध), Order ( आदेश), Advise (परामर्श ) आदि का भाव होता है, वे Imperative sentences कहलाते हैं। ऐसे sentence हमेशा v1 से शुरू होते हैं।
Imperative Sentence को तीन भागों में बाँटा गया है:
(A) With object Post the letter
(B) Without object
(C) Moral suggestion Donate the blood
- With object :- Active=V₁ + object
Passive=let+object+be+v3
E.g
Active Passive
1. Post the letter. Let the letter be posted.
2.Call the police. Let the police be called.
3. Shut the door. Let the door be shut.
4. Don’t inform the police. Let not the police be informed.
5. Please bring me a few books. You are requested to bring me a few books,
- Without object:
Active: V₁
Passive: You are + requested, ordered, advised, forbidden, commanded,+to+ v, + object
E.g
Active Passive
1. Shut up You are ordered to shut up.
2.Stand at ease You are commanded to stand at ease.
3.Please sit down You are requested to sit down.
- Moral suggestion: ऐसे वाक्यों में imperative sentence को निम्न प्रकार से बनाते हैं:
Active V,+ object Passive: Object + should be + V3
E.g.
Active Passive
1. Speak the truth. The truth should be spoken.
2. Save the tigers. The tigers should be saved.
3.Donate the blood. The blood should be donated.
4.Respect the elders. The elders should be respected.
Rule 9. It is time से शुरू होने वाले वाक्यों का Passive voice निम्न प्रकार से बनाया जाता है।
Active: It is time + to + v, + Object
Passive: It is time +for + Object + to + be + v3
E.g.
Active
1. It is time to stop thinking.
2.It is time to write a letter.
Passive
1.It is time for thinking to be stopped.
2.It is time for a letter to be written.
Explanations:
उपरोक्त उदाहरणों में ‘to’ के स्थान पर ‘for’ तथा ‘to + v,’ के स्थान पर ‘to + be + v3’ का प्रयोग करके वाक्य को Passive बनाया गया है।
Rule-10: कुछ Verbs जैसे Let, Make, Help,आदि जिनके साथ Active voice में Bare infinitive (v, without ‘to’) का प्रयोग होता है, उनको Passive voice में इस प्रकार बदलते हैं
Active
1. I bade him submit the document.
2.She made me sing a song.
Passive
1.He was bidden to submit the document.
2.I was made to sing a song.
Rule-11 : कुछ verbs, के साथ fixed preposition का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है, तथा Passive voice बनाते समय भी ये preposition साथ ही प्रयोग की जाती है।
Active
1. The children laughed at me.
2.Reena smiled at Ashok.
3.He beat his friend with a bat.
4.I was waiting for the minister.
Passive
1.I was laughed at by the children.
2.was smiled at by Reena.
3.His friend was beaten with a bat.
4. The minister was being waited for by me.
Passive voice बनाते समय verb के साथ कुछ fixed prepositions का प्रयोग किया जाता है तथा फिर ‘By’ का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
E.g.
Active :1. Karan Grover married Bipasha Basu.
Bipasha Basu was married to Karan Grover.
Passive: :2. The little boy’s performance impressed the Chief guest.
Passive : The chief guest was impressed with the little boy’s performance.
Active :3. His behaviour surprised me.
Passive :I was surprised at his behaviour.
Active :4. The result amazed all.
Passive: All were amazed at the result.
Rule-12: IMPERSONAL PASSIVE
Phrases like ‘it is said’, ‘it is believed’, ‘it is expected’, etc. Impersonal passive प्रयोग किये जाते हैं।
अधिकतर competitive exams में impersonal passive से संबंधित प्रश्न पूछे जाते हैं जिसका नियम इस प्रकार ह – It + passive + that + clause
E.g Active: 1. People say that children are afraid of ghosts.
Passive: It is said that children are afraid of ghosts.
Active: 2. She believe that her husband lied in court.
Passive:It is believed that her husband lied in court.
Active: 3. People say that you have made a great mistake.
Passive:It is said that a great mistake has been made by you.
Active: 4. She say that she can do this work.
Passive:It is said that this work can be done.
E.g.
Active:
Passive:
Active :
Passive
Active:
Passive
Active:
Passive :
Active and Passive Voice
